History and development[]
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Summary of earlier research[]
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Controversies[]
Inswingers vs. outswingers[]
Although the general structure and historical development two-armed torsion engines is fairly well known, there are many points where researchers haven't reached an agreement. Perhaps the most difficult issue is whether the late-Roman two-armed engines were inswingers or outswingers. This issue is discussed in detail on this page. A closely related issue is whether palintone engines in general were inswingers as Iriarte (2003) suggests.
Personal torsion weapons[]
Another place where researchers have disagreements is whether there were personal weapons based on the torsion principle. This controversy is discussed in detail on this page.