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History and development[]

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Summary of earlier research[]

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Controversies[]

Inswingers vs. outswingers[]

Although the general structure and historical development two-armed torsion engines is fairly well known, there are many points where researchers haven't reached an agreement. Perhaps the most difficult issue is whether the late-Roman two-armed engines were inswingers or outswingers. This issue is discussed in detail on this page. A closely related issue is whether palintone engines in general were inswingers as Iriarte (2003) suggests.

Personal torsion weapons[]

Another place where researchers have disagreements is whether there were personal weapons based on the torsion principle. This controversy is discussed in detail on this page.

Analysis and reconstruction of individual torsion engines[]

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